调查显示，英国有1000多个大型畜禽养殖场_风闻

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正文原创翻译

UK has more than 1,000 livestock mega-farms, investigation reveals

-Newly published figures show for first time how US-style factory farms have spread across British countryside

调查显示，英国有1000多个大型畜禽养殖场

——最新公布的数据首次显示了美式工厂化农场是如何在英国乡村蔓延的

(Chickens crammed in a factory farm; there are four poultry farms in the UK registered for more than 1 million birds.)

（工厂化的养鸡场里挤满了鸡；在英国有四个家禽农场登记了超过100万只家禽。）

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原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

There are more than 1,000 US-style mega-farms in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, including some holding as many as a million animals, according to a new investigation.

根据一项新的调查，在英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰有超过1000个美国式的大型农场，其中一些农场饲养了多达100万只畜禽。

In the US, mega-farms are defined as those that hold more than 125,000 birds reared for meat, or 82,000 egg-laying hens, 2,500 pigs, 700 dairy cows or 1,000 beef cattle. These are labelled by US officials as a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO).

在美国，超大型农场被定义为“拥有超过12.5万只肉禽、8.2万只蛋鸡、2500头猪、700头奶牛或1000头肉牛的农场”。这些被美国官员称为“集中式畜禽饲养运营”。

By 2021, the number of farms in the UK that met the US definition of a CAFO, or mega-farm, was 1,099, according to research. 

研究显示，到2021年，英国符合美国“集中式畜禽饲养运营”定义的农场数量为1099家。

This figure is known to be an underestimate owing to the omission of Scottish data, which was unavailable because of a cyber-attack in 2020.

据悉，这一数据被低估了，因为苏格兰的数据在2020年因网络攻击而无法获取。

The march of these US-style mega-farms in the UK was revealed in a Guardian investigation in 2017, but up-to-date data has been published this week in a book, Sixty Harvests Left: How to Reach a Nature-Friendly Future, by Philip Lymbery, chief executive of Compassion in World Farming (CIWF).

《卫报》2017年的一项调查揭示了这些美国式超级农场在英国的发展趋势，但最新数据已在本周出版的《剩下的60个收获：如何实现自然友好型的未来》一书中发表，该书由世界农业同情组织首席执行官菲利普·利姆贝里撰写。

In England alone, the number of mega-farms increased from 818 in 2016 to 944 in 2020. Of these, 745 house poultry and 199 are for pigs. There are four poultry farms in the UK registered for 1 million birds, with the largest holding up to 1.4 million. For pigs, the biggest three farms hold more than 20,000 pigs.

仅在英国，超级农场的数量就从2016年的818个增加到了2020年的944个。其中家禽农场745个，生猪农场199个。在英国有四个家禽农场登记了100万只家禽，其中最大的农场有140万只。在生猪方面，最大的三个农场拥有超过2万头猪。

There are also at least 19 dairies that meet the criteria of a “mega-dairy”. Cows held in intensive dairies are “zero-grazed”, which means they are not allowed out into fields and are permanently housed inside sheds. The largest one in the UK appears to hold 2,000 animals.

此外，至少有19家奶牛场符合“超级奶牛场”的标准。在集约化奶牛场饲养的奶牛是“零放牧”的，这意味着它们不被允许到田野里去，而是被永久地安置在牛棚里。英国最大的一个奶牛农场似乎养了2000只牲畜。

原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

In addition, nine mega-farms hold 1,000 or more beef cattle. US-style beef feedlots, where cattle are fattened up before slaughter, were first identified as existing in the UK in a Guardian investigation in 2018.

此外，9个大型农场拥有1000头以上的肉牛。2018年《卫报》的一项调查首次发现，在英国存在美国式的牛肉饲养场，牛会在屠宰前被养肥。

Industrial farming maximises production while keeping costs to a minimum to produce cheap meat and dairy – the UK slaughters 1 billion chickens, 10 million pigs and 2.6 million cattle a year – and the majority of UK farmed animals are kept in intensive units.

工业化养殖使产量最大化，同时将成本降至最低，以生产廉价的肉类和奶制品——英国每年屠宰10亿只鸡、1000万头猪和260万头牛——而且英国大多数农场饲养的动物都是集中饲养的。

However, there are concerns that intensive farming is driving climate change, water and air pollution, biodiversity loss and negatively affecting local communities, including introducing potential health risks associated with ammonia pollution. Intensive livestock farming has also been blamed for increasing disease risk.

然而，人们担心集约化农业正在推动气候变化、水和空气污染、生物多样性丧失，并对当地社区产生负面影响，包括引入与氨污染相关的潜在健康风险。集约化的畜牧业也被认为是增加疾病风险的原因。

In Europe, the Dutch government recently introduced plans to radically reduce livestock numbers to curb excessive nitrogen from intensive farming.

在欧洲，荷兰政府最近推出了大幅减少牲畜数量的计划，以遏制集约化养殖带来的氮过量问题。

原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Animal welfare activists say animals in mega-farms are denied the ability to express natural behaviours. Keeping animals in “crowded, largely barren conditions” and using fast-growing chicken breeds and farrowing crates for pigs “calls into question our claims to be a nation of animal lovers”, said Philip Lymbery, chief executive of Compassion in World Farming.

动物福利活动家说，大型农场的动物被剥夺了表达自然行为的能力。世界农场同情组织的首席执行官菲利普·利姆伯里说，把动物饲养在“拥挤、基本上贫瘠的环境中”，并使用快速生长的鸡品种和猪的产仔限位栏，“使我们自称是一个热爱动物的国家的说法受到了质疑”。

Lizzie Wilson from the National Pig Association said big does not necessarily equal bad: “Larger scale farms are often able to provide more resources, such as more stock people, a dedicated vet … that actually facilitate good animal welfare.”

但来自全国养猪协会的莉齐·威尔逊说，大并不一定等于坏：“规模更大的农场往往能够提供更多的资源，比如更多的牲畜饲养员，一个专门的兽医……这实际上有利于良好的动物福利。”

The British Poultry Council’s chief executive, Richard Griffiths, said all production systems in the UK included good welfare: “Systems perceived as ‘higher welfare’ are more resource intensive with lower efficiency and productivity, with an accompanying impact on the environment and the cost of production.”

英国家禽协会首席执行官理查德·格里菲斯说，英国所有的生产体系都包含良好的福利：“被认为‘高福利’的体系更依赖资源，效率和生产率更低，对环境和生产成本也会产生影响。”

A spokesperson for the National Farmers’ unx said: “No matter what sector or size of the farm, or whether indoor or outdoor, animal health and welfare is a continued priority for all British farmers, as they know that the public hugely values the high standards of animal health and welfare that farmers work to.”

全国农民联盟的一名发言人说：“无论农场的领域或规模如何，无论是室内还是室外，动物健康和福利都是所有英国农民的优先考虑事项，因为他们知道公众非常重视农民为之工作的高标准动物健康和福利。”

A spokesperson for the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) said the vast majority of beef and dairy cattle in the UK were “grazing outdoors throughout the year for as long as the weather conditions permit”.

农业和园艺发展局的一位发言人说，英国绝大多数的肉牛和奶牛“只要天气条件允许，全年都在户外放牧”。

As UK farming changes, there are calls for reform. The Scrap Factory Farming campaign is taking a case to the European court of human rights, alleging that the government is failing to protect the public from climate change and the threat of future pandemics from factory farming.

随着英国农业的变化，改革呼声不断。废除工厂化养殖运动正在向欧洲人权法庭提起诉讼，声称政府未能保护公众免受气候变化和工厂化养殖未来大流行的威胁。

“Let’s stop denying that factory farming is inherently cruel and a major driver of wildlife decline and climate change,” Lymbery told the Guardian.

“让我们停止否认工厂化养殖本质上是残忍的，是野生动物减少和气候变化的主要驱动因素，”利伯里告诉《卫报》。

A spokesperson for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs said all farms, regardless of size, had to comply with UK law on animal health and welfare, planning, veterinary medicines and environmental legislation.

英国环境、食品和农村事务部的一位发言人说，所有农场，无论大小，都必须遵守英国有关动物健康和福利、规划、兽药和环境立法的法律。

“The Animal Welfare Act 2006 also makes it an offence either to cause any captive animal unnecessary suffering or to fail to provide the welfare needs of the animal – and we will not hesitate to take action against those who fail to meet these standards.”

“《2006年动物福利法》也规定，对任何被囚禁的动物造成不必要的痛苦或未能提供动物福利需求都是一种犯罪——我们将毫不犹豫地对那些未能达到这些标准的人采取行动。”