猫粪中发现的寄生虫（弓形虫）会增加人类患脑癌的风险_风闻

【来源龙腾网】

正文原创翻译：

There is an association between Toxoplasma infection and glioma risk. The report found that people with gliomas were more likely to detect antibodies to Toxoplasma than people without such cancers.

Although glioma is a relatively rare disease, it is a highly lethal cancer. In 2018, there were an estimated 300,000 cases of brain and other cancers of the nervous system worldwide, with 241,000 deaths. Most malignant brain tumors are gliomas (80%).

弓形虫感染与神经胶质瘤风险之间存在联系。报告发现，患有神经胶质瘤的人群比未患此类癌症的人群更容易检测出弓形虫抗体。

虽然胶质瘤是一种相对罕见的疾病，但它是一种高度致命的癌症。2018年，全球估计有30万例脑癌和其他神经系统癌症病例，24.1万例死亡。大多数恶性脑肿瘤是神经胶质瘤（80%）.

When should I be concerned about toxoplasmosis?

Generally, if you were infected with Toxoplasma before becoming pregnant your unborn child is protected by your immunity. Some experts suggest waiting for 6 months after a recent infection to become pregnant.

How do I know if I have been infected with Toxoplasma?

Your health care provider may suggest one or more varieties of blood tests to check for antibodies to Toxoplasma.

什么时候应该担心弓形虫病?

一般来说，如果你在怀孕前感染了弓形虫，你未出生的孩子会受到你的免疫系统的保护。所以一些专家建议如果感染弓形虫病，等6个月再怀孕。

如何知道我是否感染了弓形虫病?

一种或多种血液检测，可以检查弓形虫抗体。

How can Toxoplasma affect my unborn child?

If you are newly infected with Toxoplasma while you are pregnant, or just before pregnancy, then you can pass the infection on to your baby. You may not have any symptoms from the infection. Most infected infants do not have symptoms at birth but can develop serious symptoms later in life, such as blindness or mental disability. Occasionally, infected newborns have serious eye or brain damage at birth.

弓形虫如何影响我未出生的孩子?

如果你在怀孕期间或怀孕前刚刚感染弓形虫，那么你可能会传染给你的孩子。你可能没有任何感染的症状。大多数受感染的婴儿在出生时没有症状，但在以后的生活中可能会出现严重的症状，如失明或精神残疾。偶尔受感染的新生儿在出生时有严重的眼睛或大脑损伤。

How is toxoplasmosis spread?

**Cats play an important role in the spread of toxoplasmosis.

Cats play an important role in the spread of toxoplasmosis.

Cats play an important role in the spread of toxoplasmosis. They become infected by eating infected rodents, birds, or other small animals. The parasite is then passed in the cat’s feces. Kittens and cats can shed millions of parasites in their feces for as long as 3 weeks after infection. Cats and kittens prefer litter boxes, garden soils, and sandboxes for elimination, and you may be exposed unintentionally by touching your mouth after changing a litter box, or after gardening without gloves. Fruits and vegetables may have contact with contaminated soil or water also, and you can be infected by eating fruits and vegetables if they are not cooked, washed, or peeled.

Do I have to give up my cat if I’m pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant?

No. You should follow these helpful tips to reduce your risk of environmental exposure to Toxoplasma:

弓形虫病是如何传播的?猫在弓形虫病的传播中起着重要作用。

猫在弓形虫病的传播中起着重要作用。它们通过食用受感染的啮齿动物、鸟类或其他小动物而感染。然后寄生虫通过猫的粪便传播。猫在感染后的3周内，粪便中会释放出数以百万计的寄生虫。猫更喜欢用猫砂、花园土壤和沙坑来掩埋粪便，你可能会在更换猫砂后或在不戴手套的情况下触摸自己的嘴而无意感染。水果和蔬菜也可能接触受污染的土壤或水，如果你吃没有煮熟，清洗，或剥皮的水果和蔬菜，你就可能被感染。

如果我怀孕或准备怀孕，我必须放弃我的猫吗?

不。你应该遵循以下提示，以减少你接触弓形虫的风险:

Avoid changing cat litter if possible. If no one else can perform the task, wear disposable gloves and wash your hands with soap and water afterwards.

Ensure that the cat litter box is changed daily. The Toxoplasma parasite does not become infectious until 1 to 5 days after it is shed in a cat’s feces.

Feed your cat commercial dry or canned food, not raw or undercooked meats.

Keep cats indoors.

Avoid stray cats, especially kittens. Do not get a new cat while you are pregnant.

Wear gloves when gardening and during contact with soil or sand because it might be contaminated with cat feces that contain Toxoplasma. Wash hands with soap and water after gardening or contact with soil or sand.

Is there treatment available for toxoplasmosis?

If you are infected during pregnancy, medication is available. You and your baby should be closely monitored during your pregnancy and after your baby is born.

尽可能避免亲自更换猫砂。如果没有其他人可以代劳完成这个任务，你得戴上一次性手套，然后用肥皂和水洗手。

确保每天更换猫砂盒。弓形虫在猫排泄后1至5天才具有传染性。

给你的猫喂工业生产的干粮或罐头食品，而不是生的或未煮熟的肉。

让猫呆在室内。

远离流浪猫，尤其是小猫。怀孕期间不要再养猫。

在做园艺，或与土壤或沙子接触时要戴手套，因为土壤或沙子可能被含有弓形虫的猫粪便污染。做完园艺或接触泥土或沙子后，用肥皂和水洗手。

有没有弓形虫病的治疗方法?

如果你是在怀孕期间感染的，药物治疗是可以的。在你怀孕期间和孩子出生后，你和你孩子的身体状况都应该被密切关注。

You should also:

Cook food to safe temperatures. A food thermometer should be used to measure the internal temperature of cooked meat. Color is not a reliable indicator that meat has been cooked to a temperature high enough to kill harmful pathogens like Toxoplasma. Do not sample meat until it is cooked. USDA recommends the following for meat preparation:

你还应该:

把食物煮到安全的温度。应使用食物温度计测量熟肉的内部温度。颜色不是一个可靠的指标判断肉已经煮到足够熟，有害的病原体如弓形虫已经被杀死。肉未煮熟前不要试吃。美国农业部对肉类加工建议如下:

For Whole Cuts of Meat (excluding poultry)

Cook to at least 145° F (63° C) as measured with a food thermometer placed in the thickest part of the meat, then allow the meat to rest for three minutes before carving or consuming.  *According to USDA, “A ‘rest time’ is the amount of time the product remains at the final temperature, after it has been removed from a grill, oven, or other heat source. During the three minutes after meat is removed from the heat source, its temperature remains constant , which destroys pathogens.”

For Ground Meat (excluding poultry)

Cook to at least 160° F (71° C); ground meats do not require a rest time.

For All Poultry (whole cuts and ground)

Cook to at least 165° F (74° C). The internal temperature should be checked in the innermost part of the thigh, innermost part of the wing, and the thickest part of the breast. Poultry do not require a rest time.

把食物温度计放置在肉的最厚的部分，整块肉类(家禽肉除外)至少烹饪到145°F(63°C)，然后把煮熟的肉放置三分钟，再切或进食。根据美国农业部的说法，‘放置时间’是指肉从烤架、烤箱或其他热源取出后，保持温度的时间。在肉从热源中取出后的三分钟内，它的温度仍将基本保持不变，这就杀死了病原体。”

碎肉(家禽除外)烹饪到至少160°F(71°C);碎肉不需要放置时间。

所有家禽(整块及碎肉)烹饪温度至少在165°F(74°C).内部温度应以大腿肉最内侧，翅膀最内侧和胸部最厚的部分为准。禽肉不需要放置时间。

Freeze meat for several days at sub-zero (below 0° F) temperatures before cooking to greatly reduce chance of infection. *Freezing does not reliably kill other parasites that may be found in meat (like certain species of Trichinella) or harmful bacteria. Cooking meat to USDA recommended internal temperatures is the safest method to destroy all parasites and other pathogens.

Peel or wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.

Wash cutting boards, dishes, counters, utensils, and hands with soapy water after contact with raw meat, poultry, seafood, or unwashed fruits or vegetables.

Avoid drinking untreated water.

Do not drink unpasteurized goat’s milk.

Do not eat raw or undercooked oysters, mussels, or clams (these may be contaminated with Toxoplasma that has washed into seawater).0

Should a woman breastfeed her infant if she had contracted a Toxoplasma infection during her pregnancy?

Yes. Among healthy women, the possibility of breast milk transmission of Toxoplasma infection is not likely. While Toxoplasma infection has been associated with infants who consumed unpasteurized goat’s milk, there are no studies documenting breast milk transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in humans. In the event that a nursing woman experiences cracked and bleeding nipples or breast inflammation within several weeks immediately following an acute Toxoplasma infection (when the organism is still circulating in her bloodstream), it is theoretically possible that she could transmit Toxoplasma gondii to the infant through her breast milk. Immune suppressed women could have circulating Toxoplasma for even longer periods of time. However, the likelihood of human milk transmission is very small.

在烹饪之前，将肉在零下温度冷冻几天，可以大大减少感染的机会。冷冻并不能杀死其他可能存在于肉类中的寄生虫(如某些种类的旋毛虫)或有害细菌。按照美国农业部建议的内部温度烹饪肉类是消灭所有寄生虫和其他病原体的最安全的方法。

吃水果和蔬菜前要彻底削皮或清洗。

接触生肉、家禽、海鲜或未清洗的水果或蔬菜后，用肥皂水清洗砧板、盘子、柜台、器皿和手。

避免饮用未经处理的水。

不要饮用未经高温消毒的羊奶。

不要生吃或未煮熟的牡蛎、贻贝或蛤蜊(这些可能被冲进海水的弓形虫污染)。

如果一个妇女在怀孕期间感染了弓形虫，她应该母乳喂养她的婴儿吗?

是的。在健康妇女中，通过母乳传播弓形虫的可能性不大。虽然弓形虫感染与婴儿食用未经巴氏消毒的羊奶有关，但没有研究记录显示弓形虫通过人体母乳传播。如果一名哺乳妇女在急性弓形虫感染后的几周内发生乳头出血或乳房炎症(当弓形虫仍在她的血液中循环时)，从理论上讲，她可能通过她的母乳将弓形虫传染给婴儿。弓形虫在免疫力差的妇女体内循环更长的时间。然而，母乳传播的可能性很小。