美国100位各界人士发表致特朗普公开信：中国不是敌人_风闻
高能磷酸键-2019-07-04 13:17
当地时间7月3日，《华盛顿邮报》刊登了一封致特朗普总统和美国会的公开信。这封公开信由美前政要及知名专家学者执笔，95名美学术界、外交界、军界及商界专家联合署名。
在公开信中，美国各界人士表示，中国不是美国的敌人，对中国采取敌对的态度、行为不仅不会遏制中国的发展，反而会损害美国自身的利益。美国各界人士在信中指出，符合美国利益的最好的方式，是美国保持开放的态度，积极与其它国家或国际组织合作，加强自身能力建设。
以下为公开信全文：
亲爱的特朗普总统以及国会议员们：
我们是来自学术，外交政策，军事以及商界的成员，大多数都来自于美国，包括一些在专业工作中主要与亚洲打交道的人。我们对中美关系的日益恶化表示严重关切，我们认为这种关系并不符合美国利益以及全球利益。我们对北京最近的行为感到非常不安，虽然它需要一个非常强硬的回应，但我们也认为许多美国的行为直接导致了中美关系的螺旋下降。
以下的七点主张代表了我们对中国的集体观点，包括美国对待中国的方法，以及一些能使美国政策更加有效的基本要素。我们的机构隶属关系仅作为身份识别用途。
1.中国近年来令人不安的行为——包括转向更加强力的国内管控，国家加强对民营企业的管控，未能履行数项贸易承诺，对来自国外观点加强管控，以及更加有侵略性的外交政策等——这对世界上的其他地区都构成了严峻的挑战。这些挑战需要美国做出坚定而有效的回应，但目前美国对待中国的方式可能会造成适得其反的结果。
2.我们不认为北京是一个经济上的敌人，也不认为它在每个领域都对美国的国家安全构成威胁；中国也不是铁板一块，中国领导人的观念也不是一成不变的。虽然经济与军事实力的快速增长，使得北京能够在国际上更自信的发挥影响力，但是很多中国的官员以及其他精英都知道，与西方保持温和、务实以及真诚合作的态度符合中国的利益。华盛顿对北京的敌对态度削弱了上述这些声音的影响力，反而让民族主义者更加自信。通过正确的平衡合作与竞争的关系，美国的行为可以加强那些希望中国在国际事务中发挥建设性作用的中国领导人的力量。
3.美国将中国视为敌人，以及让中国与世界经济脱钩的努力，将会损害美国的国际声誉，并且全球所有国家的经济利益都会因此受到损害。美国的反对不会阻止中国经济的扩张，不会影响中国公司全球市场份额的增加，也不会影响到中国在国际事务中所承担作用的增加。此外，美国不能在不损害自身利益的情况下，显著地阻止中国的崛起。如果美国强迫其盟友视中国为政治与经济上的敌人，这将会削弱美国与其盟友的关系，最终被孤立的可能不是中国，而是美国。
4.担心中国将取代美国成为世界领导者太夸张了，其实大多数其他国家对于这样的结果并不感兴趣，并且也不清楚中国是否认为这种目标是必要的或者说可行的。美国应该与盟友以及合作伙伴，去创造一个更加开放与繁荣的世界，并且接纳中国让中国有机会参与其中。孤立中国，只会削弱那些希望建设一个更人道，更宽容的社会的中国人的决心。
5.尽管中国已经制定了在21世纪中叶建成世界级军队的目标，但是中国想要发展成为在全球具有主导作用的军事力量，依然存在巨大的障碍。然而，中国日益强大的军事实力，已经侵蚀了美国长期以来在西太平洋地区所具有的军事优势。对于这种情况，最好的处理方式不是开展军备竞赛，即重新确立美国在中国边境的全方位的军事优势。更明智的政策是与盟国进行合作，保持对中国的威慑力，强调以防御为主，区域封锁能力，除了要与北京方面加强在危机管控方面的工作以外，还要有弹性的挫败北京对美国或美国盟国领土的攻击能力。
6.北京正在试图削弱西方民主准则在全球秩序中的作用。但是，北京并没有试图去推翻中国这几十年来使其受益的经济以及其他国际秩序组成部分。实际上，中国参与国际体系，中国对于气候变化等国际共同问题的有效行动，对现有国际体系的维系发挥了至关重要的作用。美国应该鼓励中国参与新的国际规则的制定，或是对其进行修改，在这方面，崛起的大国具有更大的发言权。对中国采取零和博弈的方法，只会促进北京脱离现有的体制规则，造成现有国际秩序的分裂，这将损害西方的利益。
7.总之，美国在对待中国的做法上的成功之处，必须集中于与其它国家建立持久的联盟来支持其经济和安全为目标。这必须基于对中国的认知、利益、目标以及行为的现实评估；美国和其盟国在资源、政策目标、利益上的精准配合；以及美国需要努力加强其自身的能力来为其他国家做榜样。从根本上来说，符合美国利益的最好的方式，是与其他国家和国际组织进行合作，在不断变化的世界中恢复其有力的竞争力，而不是做出破坏和遏制中国与世界的接触这种适得其反的行为。
本文作者M. Taylor Fravel是麻省理工学院政治学教授；J. Stapleton Roy是威尔逊中心的杰出学者，曾任美国驻华大使；Michael D. Swaine是卡内基国际和平基金会的高级研究员；Susan A. Thornton是耶鲁大学法学院Paul Tsai中国中心高级研究员，曾任东亚及太平洋事务助理国务卿；Ezra Vogel是哈佛大学名誉教授。
除上述作者外，联名签署这封信的还有：
●James Acton, co-director, Nuclear Policy Program and Jessica T. Mathews Chair, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Craig Allen, former U.S. ambassador to Brunei from 2014–2018
●Andrew Bacevich, co-founder, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft
●Jeffrey A. Bader, former senior director for East Asia on National Security Council 2009-2011 and fellow, Brookings Institution
●C. Fred Bergsten, senior fellow and director emeritus, Peterson Institute for International Economics
●Jan Berris, vice president, National Committee on United States-China Relations
●Dennis J. Blasko, former U.S. Army Attaché to China, 1992-1996
●Pieter Bottelier, visiting scholar, School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University
●Ian Bremmer, president, Eurasia Group
●Richard Bush, Chen-Fu and Cecilia Yen Koo Chair in Taiwan Studies, Brookings Institution
●Jerome A. Cohen, faculty director, US-Asia Law Institute, New York University
●Warren I. Cohen, distinguished university professor emeritus, University of Maryland
●Bernard Cole, former U.S. Navy captain
●James F. Collins, U.S. ambassador to the Russian Federation 1997-2001
●Gerald L Curtis, Burgess Professor Emeritus, Columbia University
●Toby Dalton, co-director, Nuclear Policy Program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Robert Daly, director, Kissinger Institute on China and the U.S., Wilson Center
●Michael C. Desch, Packey J. Dee Professor of International Affairs and director of the Notre Dame International Security Center
●Mac Destler, professor emeritus, University of Maryland School of Public Policy
●Bruce Dickson, professor of political science and international affairs, George Washington University
●David Dollar, senior fellow, Brookings Institution
●Peter Dutton, senior fellow, U.S.-Asia Law Institute; adjunct professor, New York University School of Law
●Robert Einhorn, senior fellow, Brookings Institution; former assistant secretary of state for nonproliferation, 1999-2001
●Amitai Etzioni, University Professor and Professor of International Affairs, George Washington University
●Thomas Fingar, Asia Pacific Research Center, Stanford University; former deputy director of national intelligence for analysis, 2005-2008
●Mary Gallagher, political science professor and director of the Lieberthal-Rogel Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan
●John Gannon, adjunct professor, Georgetown University; former chairman of the National Intelligence Council, 1997-2001
●Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations, University of Pennsylvania
●Steven M. Goldstein, associate of the Fairbank Center; director of the Taiwan Studies Workshop at Harvard University
●David F. Gordon, senior advisor, International Institute of Strategic Studies; former director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department, 2007-2009
●Philip H. Gordon, Mary and David Boies Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations; former special assistant to the president and Coordinator for the Middle East and assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian Affairs
●Morton H. Halperin, former director of Policy Planning Staff at State Department, 1998-2001
●Lee Hamilton, former congressman; former president and director of the Wilson Center
●Clifford A. Hart Jr., former U.S. consul general to Hong Kong and Macau, 2013-2016
●Paul Heer, adjunct professor, George Washington University; former National Intelligence Officer for East Asia, 2007-2015
●Eric Heginbotham, principal research scientist, Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Center for International Studies
●Ambassador Carla A. Hills, former United States Trade Representative, 1989-1993; chair & CEO Hills & Company, International Consultants
●Jamie P. Horsley, senior fellow at the Paul Tsai China Center, Yale Law School
●Yukon Huang, senior fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Frank Jannuzi, president and CEO, Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation
●Robert Jervis, Adlai E. Stevenson Professor and Professor of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University
●Marvin Kalb, nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution
●Mickey Kantor, former secretary of commerce,1996-1997; U.S. trade representative, 1993-1996
●Robert Kapp, president, Robert A. Kapp & Associates, Inc.; former president, U.S.-China Business Council; former president, Washington Council on International Trade
●Albert Keidel, adjunct graduate professor, George Washington University; former deputy director of the Office of East Asian Nations at the Treasury Department, 2001-2004
●Robert O. Keohane, professor of International Affairs emeritus, Princeton University
●William Kirby, Spangler Family Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School; T. M. Chang Professor of China Studies at Harvard University
●Helena Kolenda, program director for Asia, Henry Luce Foundation
●Charles Kupchan, professor of International Affairs, Georgetown University; senior fellow, Council on Foreign Relations
●David M. Lampton, professor emeritus at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies; Oksenberg Rholen Fellow, Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center; former president, National Committee on U.S.-China Relations
●Nicholas Lardy, Anthony M. Solomon Senior Fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics
●Chung Min Lee, senior fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Herbert Levin, former staff member for China on National Security Council and Policy Planning Council
●Cheng Li, director and senior fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution
●Kenneth Lieberthal, professor emeritus, University of Michigan; former Asia senior director, National Security Council, 1998-2000
●Yawei Liu, director of China Program, The Carter Center
●Jessica Mathews, distinguished fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●James McGregor, chairman, Greater China, APCO Worldwide
●John McLaughlin, distinguished practitioner in residence, School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University; former deputy director and acting director of the CIA, 2000-2004
●Andrew Mertha, Hyman Professor and Director of the China Program, School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University
●Alice Lyman Miller, research fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University
●Mike Mochizuki, Japan-U.S. Relations Chair in Memory of Gaston Sigur, George Washington University
●Michael Nacht, Thomas and Alison Schneider Professor of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley; former assistant secretary of defense for global strategic affairs, 2009-2010
●Moises Naim, distinguished fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Joseph Nye, University Distinguished Service Professor emeritus and former dean, Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University
●Kevin O’Brien, political science professor and director of Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley
●Jean Oi, William Haas Professor of Chinese Politics, Stanford University
●Stephen A. Orlins, president, National Committee on U.S.-China Relations
●William Overholt, senior research fellow, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University
●Douglas Paal, distinguished fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●Margaret M. Pearson, Dr. Horace V. and Wilma E. Harrison Distinguished Professor, University of Maryland, College Park
●Peter C. Perdue, professor of history, Yale University
●Elizabeth J. Perry , Henry Rosovsky Professor of Government, Harvard University; director, Harvard-Yenching Institute
●Daniel W Piccuta, former deputy chief of mission and acting ambassador, Beijing
●Thomas Pickering, former under secretary of state for political affairs, 1997-2000; former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations from 1989-1992
●Paul R. Pillar , nonresident senior fellow at the Center for Security Studies, Georgetown University
●Jonathan D. Pollack, nonresident senior fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, Brookings Institution
●Barry Posen, Ford International Professor of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; director, MIT Security Studies Program
●Shelley Rigger, Brown Professor of East Asian Politics, Davidson College
●Charles S. Robb, former U.S. senator (1989-2001) and former chairman of the East Asia subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; governor of Virginia from 1982 to 1986
●Robert S. Ross, professor of political science, Boston College
●Scott D. Sagan, the Caroline S.G. Munro Professor of Political Science, Stanford University
●Gary Samore, senior executive director, Crown Center for Middle East Studies at Brandeis University
●Richard J. Samuels, Ford International Professor of Political Science and director, Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Center for International Studies
●David Shear, former assistant secretary of defense, 2014-2016; former U.S. ambassador to Vietnam
●Anne-Marie Slaughter, former director of policy planning, State Department, 2009-2011; Bert G. Kerstetter ‘66 University Professor Emerita of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University
●Richard Sokolsky, nonresident senior fellow, Russia and Eurasia Program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
●James Steinberg, former deputy secretary of state, 2009-2011
●Michael Szonyi, Frank Wen-Hsiung Wu Memorial Professor of Chinese History Director, Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, Harvard University
●Strobe Talbott, former deputy secretary of state, 1994-2001
●Anne F. Thurston, former senior research professor, School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University
●Andrew G. Walder, Denise O’Leary and Kent Thiry Professor, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University
●Graham Webster, coordinating editor, Stanford-New America DigiChina Project
●David A. Welch, University Research Chair, Balsillie School of International Affairs
●Daniel B. Wright, president and CEO, GreenPoint Group; former managing director for China and the Strategic Economic Dialogue, Treasury Department