高考制度恢复：不仅开启了梦想的时代，也照亮了中国的未来之路_风闻

百年大计，教育为先。

这样的场景每一个经历过高考的学子想必都十分熟悉，那段辛苦的岁月早已深深印在我们心底。

1970年，中国高校招生仅48000人，如今是3700万。这简直是天壤之别。那么中国如何做到的？

**解读中国工作室推出《中国改革开放的故事》系列短片，记录中国改革开放的故事。让我们跟随麦克·**伍德的视角，一起走进那段对中国而言意义非凡的历史。

**《中国改革开放的故事》第五集：**未来之路

古代科举考试可谓是成就功名的必经之路，在全国的考试中拔得头筹不仅是个人的荣耀，甚至是整个家族的骄傲。

在苏州，有一座供奉文曲星的寺庙，里面有一个特别的荣誉榜。从这就能看出中国人多么重视科举考试。这51位大学士均来自于苏州城，他们都是状元，时间跨度从9世纪到1870年。根据苏州旅游指南，苏州文化昌盛，人才辈出，所以这座寺庙古时候香火旺盛。

This gives you an idea of how seriously the Chinese took the examination system.This is a list of the 51 scholars just from the town of Suzhou here, who got top marks in the imperial examination between the 9th century and the 1870’s. And the local guide book says that Suzhou has had a galaxy of culture and scholars, so this temple was well worshipped in olden days.

清王朝落幕之后，科举考试不再延续。随之而来中国社会的剧烈动荡，也给教育事业的发展带来不小的冲击。

对此，哈佛大学教授、《邓小平时代》作者傅高义说到：

1966年，“文化大革命”爆发，政府关停了所有大学，停止入学考试。当时有少数人通过党内推荐入学，但那时学校可不传授知识。

In 1966 when the Cultural Revolution broke out, they closed down all the universities, they closed down all the examinations. There were a few people who received party recommendations to go to school, but schools were not operating the way they should.

那一代的年轻人都被送到农村去，接受贫下中农再教育。当时，全国有1600万中学毕业生到农村去做农民。清华大学苏世民书院院长薛澜就是其中一员：

我应该是最后一批必须下乡的高中毕业生，去接受再教育。我当时就想，可能我一辈子就待在农村了。

I was probably the last cohort of people from high school that have to go to the countryside to receive re-education.I was thinking of my life was just you know to stay there for my lifetime, just in the village.

直到1977年，邓小平召开教育工作会，迫切希望尽快恢复高考制度。

消息宣布了，我们可以参加高考。那时候，我们是那么的开心，感到无比振奋。那是我们的人生转折点。

When the news announced that actually we can take the examination to get into college, we were just so happy and exhilarated. It’s just such a life-changing, you know, moment for us.

第一年恢复高考，竞争非常激烈。570万人报名，录取人数不足5%。复旦大学中国研究院院长张维为我们介绍：

那时候我们班同学年龄差别很大，小的18岁，大的35岁，我那时候20岁。有的是煤矿工人，有的是农民，有的是士兵，有的是工人，年轻学徒，我就是。所以，那次考试改变了许多人的生命。

And ages varied from 18 to 35, you know in my class. I was 20 at the time.They were coal miners, they were farmers, they were soldiers, they were workers, young apprentice like me. So that exam changed life of many people.

恢复高考的成效十分明显，从那之后不到十年，中国大学生人数增长了50倍。

除了国内教育的发展，中国也积极派遣学生赴海外留学。

我还记得，应该是美国卡特总统的国家安全顾问布热津斯基，他问邓小平想派遣多少留学生去美国。邓小平反问美国能够接收多少，告诉他中国不限制人数。那需要很大勇气，因为那时候中国的生活水平比西方低很多。很多人担心学生可能一去不复返。邓小平在内部会议上说，如果有十分之一的学生回国，这个政策取得了胜利。

 I remember, I think it was Brzezinski, national security advisor to Jimmy Carter, asked Deng, you know, how many students you want to send to the United States. And Deng said, how many you can receive, yeah, for us, no limit.It’s a lot of courage because at that time the living standard between China and the west was so different. You know, China was much lower. And many were concerned that students may not choose to return to China. And Deng said at the internal party meeting that if one of 10 can return to China this policy will be a victory for us.

而到了今天，不仅仅中国学生会选择国外留学，外国学生也会选择中国的学位项目。来自俄罗斯的留学生尼基塔·科兹拉对深圳就有着独特的感情：

这是座发达城市。我确信在这能找到好工作，找到好的学习机会。学校投入了大量资金，建立实验室和其他研究项目。来南科大不仅是学知识，大多数时候是研究。

It’s a well-developed city so I was pretty sure that I would find a good job; find good studying. They put a lot of money; they put a lot of laboratories, and other research. SUSTech is not only for studying, mostly it’s about research.

许多中国高校在短时间内已跻身全球前100，但发展的同时也存在问题，中国大学需要摆脱传统教育的方式，推出新的课程模式。

西湖大学校长施一公说到：

中国有大概3000所高校。宏观上看，这些高校大同小异，也就是说高校从一个模子里刻出来，课程模式差不多。所以，国内外都认为，这是中国在创新上难以与西方匹敌的关键原因。

In China we have about 3,000 universities and colleges. If you look at the universities from a distance they are more or less the same, meaning they are crafted, their curriculum training is crafted, along, you know, from a single mould, if you will. So that we think, many of us in China and in the world believe, is one of the key reasons why innovation hasn’t been commensurate with the wisdom of the Chinese.

位于杭州的西湖大学正是聚焦于教育体系创新，寻找新的路径，吸引海外顶尖人才回国教育下一代。

我认为，西湖大学是连通改革开放四十年和未来的桥梁。我们正竭力传承改革开放的精神。我这一代人，长在中国，在美国的大学接受专业教育，我想我们应该把中西文化结合起来，或许应该创造一种新的大学，更好地服务中国和世界。

West Lake university, I think, is a bridge from the 4 decades of reform and opening up policy to the future. We are trying our best to perpetuate the spirit of China’s reform and opening up policy.For someone like myself, raised in China, educated in professional school in the United States, I think we ought to be able to combine the strength of both cultural backgrounds and perhaps create a new type of university that serves China and the world in a much better way.

教育兴则国兴，少年强则国强。关乎教育的讨论影响着中华文明的未来，40年前如此，21世纪的现在亦如此。

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